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HTTP Public Key Pinning (HPKP)HTTP Public Key Pinning (HPKP) was a web security mechanism that allowed website administrators to specify which public keys should be trusted for their domain. It aimed to protect against attacks such as man-in-the-middle (MITM) or rogue certificate issuance by certificate authorities (CAs). However, HPKP has since been deprecated due to implementation challenges a..

Certificate Transparency (CT)Certificate Transparency (CT) is an open framework and security standard designed to detect and prevent the issuance of rogue or misused SSL/TLS certificates by maintaining publicly auditable logs of certificates. It helps ensure the integrity and trustworthiness of the public key infrastructure (PKI).1. Purpose of Certificate TransparencyDetect Misissued Certificate..

HSTS (HTTP Strict Transport Security)HSTS (HTTP Strict Transport Security) is a web security policy mechanism that enforces the use of HTTPS (HTTP Secure) for communication between a browser and a web server. It helps prevent certain attacks, such as man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks and protocol downgrade attacks, by ensuring that browsers only interact with the website over secure connections.1..

CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing)CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing) is a security mechanism that allows servers to specify which origins are permitted to access their resources. It is implemented through HTTP headers and ensures that only authorized clients from allowed origins can interact with the server.1. Why Is CORS Needed?By default, the Same-Origin Policy (SOP) prevents web browsers ..

Same Origin Policy (SOP)Same-Origin Policy (SOP) is a fundamental security mechanism in web browsers that restricts how resources and data can be shared across different origins. It ensures that web pages from one origin cannot access data or execute scripts from another origin without explicit permission.1. What Is an Origin?An origin is defined as a combination of the following components:Prot..

CAM (Content Addressable Memory) Table OverflowCAM Table Overflow is a type of network attack that targets switches by exploiting their Content Addressable Memory (CAM) table. The CAM table is a memory table in network switches that stores the mapping between MAC addresses and the switch’s physical ports. This allows the switch to efficiently forward frames to the correct port based on the desti..

Root StoreA Root Store is a collection of trusted root certificates used by operating systems, web browsers, and other software to establish secure connections over the internet. These root certificates are issued by trusted Certificate Authorities (CAs) and serve as the foundation for digital trust in public key infrastructure (PKI). When your device, application, or browser connects to a websi..

Broadcast Domain vs Collision DomainBroadcast DomainA broadcast domain refers to a segment of a network where any device within that domain can directly receive broadcast messages from other devices in the same domain. In a broadcast domain, a message sent to the broadcast address (such as 255.255.255.255 for IPv4) is delivered to all devices within that network segment.Key PointsBroadcasts are ..