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ProxyA proxy is an intermediary server that acts as a gateway between a user’s device and the internet. When you use a proxy, your internet traffic is routed through this server, which forwards your requests to websites or services on your behalf. The website you are accessing sees the IP address of the proxy server instead of your actual IP address, providing a level of anonymity and security.C..

Investigating Individuals on Tor NetworksInvestigating individuals on Tor networks presents a unique challenge for law enforcement and organized crime investigators due to the layers of encryption and anonymity Tor provides. However, there are several techniques and methods that investigators use to identify users on the Tor network, although these methods are often complex and resource-intensiv..

Tor (The Onion Router)Tor (The Onion Router) is a free, open-source software that enables anonymous communication by routing internet traffic through a network of volunteer-operated servers (relays). Its primary goal is to provide users with privacy and anonymity while browsing the web, protecting them from surveillance, censorship, and tracking.How Tor WorksMulti-Layer Encryption (Onion Routing..

VPN (Virtual Private Network)A VPN (Virtual Private Network) is a service or technology that allows users to create a secure and encrypted connection over a less secure network, such as the public internet. VPNs are commonly used to enhance online privacy, protect data from interception, and enable users to access remote networks or resources as if they were physically present at the remote loca..

Person-in-the-Middle (PitM)Person-in-the-Middle (PitM), also known as. Man-in-the-Middle (MitM), is a type of cyberattack where an attacker secretly intercepts and potentially alters communication between two parties who believe they are directly communicating with each other. In a PitM attack, the attacker is positioned between the sender and receiver and can intercept, modify, or manipulate th..

Nmap (Network Mapper)Nmap (Network Mapper) is a powerful open-source tool used for network discovery and security auditing. It is widely used by network administrators, penetration testers, and security professionals to scan and map networks, identify active hosts, discover services, detect vulnerabilities, and assess network security.Key Functions of NmapHost DiscoveryNmap can detect live hosts..

TracerouteTraceroute is a network diagnostic tool used to track the path that packets take from a source to a destination across an IP network. It helps identify the route taken by packets and the time it takes to reach each intermediate hop (router or device) along the way. Traceroute is commonly used for troubleshooting network issues, such as slow connections or unreachable destinations.How T..

MultiplexingMultiplexing is a technique used in telecommunications and computer networks to combine multiple signals or data streams into a single transmission medium or channel. By using multiplexing, multiple users or data streams can share the same physical medium (e.g., a cable or a frequency band), improving the efficiency and capacity of communication systems.Types of MultiplexingTime-Divi..

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a network management protocol used to automatically assign IP addresses and other network configuration details (such as subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS server addresses) to devices on a network. This automation simplifies network management, especially in environments with a large number of devices.How..

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is a network protocol used to map an IP address to a physical MAC (Media Access Control) address on a local area network (LAN). ARP is essential in enabling communication between devices on the same network segment because devices need to know each other’s MAC addresses to transmit data using Ethernet.How ARP WorksWhen a device w..