Ayo Secu

Principle of Least Privilege (PoLP)The Principle of Least Privilege (PoLP) is a fundamental security concept that involves granting users, applications, and processes the minimum level of access required to perform their tasks. By limiting privileges, PoLP reduces the attack surface and minimizes the potential impact of security vulnerabilities.1. Key Features of PoLPMinimal Access: Assign only ..

Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR)Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) is a security technique used to randomize the memory address space of a program during runtime, making it more difficult for attackers to predict the location of specific instructions or data. ASLR is a key defense mechanism against memory-based attacks, such as buffer overflows and return-oriented programming (RO..

Data Execution Prevention (DEP)Data Execution Prevention (DEP) is a security feature implemented in modern operating systems to prevent malicious code from executing in certain areas of memory that should only contain non-executable data. It serves as a protection mechanism against common exploits, such as buffer overflow attacks.1. How DEP WorksExecutable vs. Non-Executable MemoryDEP marks cert..

PatchingPatching refers to the process of applying updates to software, firmware, or systems to fix known vulnerabilities, improve functionality, or enhance security. Patches are crucial for maintaining a secure and stable IT environment, as they address weaknesses that attackers could exploit.1. What is a Patch?Definition: A patch is a piece of code provided by software vendors or developers to..

MacOS Security1. Gotofail Error (SSL Vulnerability)What It IsA critical bug in Apple’s SSL/TLS implementation (CVE-2014-1266) discovered in 2014, affecting MacOS and iOS.It was caused by a simple coding error, specifically a redundant goto fail statement in Apple’s SecureTransport library.How It WorkedThe bug bypassed SSL/TLS verification, allowing attackers to intercept encrypted traffic (e.g.,..

Linux/Unix Security1. SELinux (Security-Enhanced Linux)What It IsA Linux kernel security module that provides Mandatory Access Control (MAC) to enforce strict security policies.Key FeaturesLabels and PoliciesEvery file, process, and resource has a security context (e.g., user_u:role_r:type_t).Enforcing ModesEnforcing: Policies are applied, and violations are blocked.Permissive: Violations are lo..

Windows Security Topics1. Windows Registry and Group PolicyWindows RegistryA hierarchical database storing low-level settings for the operating system, applications, and services.Common Forensic UsesTrack user activities: Timestamps, installed programs, USB connections.Configuration changes: Startup programs (HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run).Group PolicyA centralized managemen..

Local DatabasesLocal databases are lightweight databases stored on devices, such as phones or desktops, and are often used by applications for managing and storing structured data. A common example is SQLite, a popular choice for storing user data in apps due to its simplicity and efficiency.1. SQLite in Messaging AppsWhy SQLite?Lightweight: No server setup required, perfect for local storage.Ef..

Remote Code Execution (RCE)Remote Code Execution (RCE) is a critical security vulnerability that allows an attacker to execute arbitrary code on a remote machine, typically with the privileges of the exploited application or service. Once RCE is achieved, attackers often escalate their privileges or establish persistent access by getting a shell on the target system.1. How RCE WorksRCE exploits ..

Directory TraversalDirectory traversal, also known as path traversal, is a type of security vulnerability where an attacker manipulates file paths to access files and directories outside the intended scope of the application. If exploited, it can lead to unauthorized access to sensitive files, source code, or system configurations.1. How Directory Traversal WorksPath ManipulationApplications tha..