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Buffer OverflowA buffer overflow is a type of vulnerability that occurs when a program writes more data to a buffer (a temporary storage area in memory) than it can hold. This excess data can overwrite adjacent memory locations, leading to unpredictable behavior, including crashes, data corruption, or execution of malicious code.1. How Buffer Overflows WorkBufferA buffer is a contiguous block of..

Privilege Escalation Techniques and PreventionPrivilege escalation is a process where an attacker gains elevated access or permissions on a system, typically moving from a lower privilege level (e.g., user) to a higher one (e.g., administrator or root). Privilege escalation exploits are a critical step in many attack chains and can lead to full system compromise.1. Types of Privilege Escalationa..

The Log4j VulnerabilityThe Log4j vulnerability, also known as Log4Shell (CVE-2021-44228), is a critical zero-day exploit discovered in December 2021 that affects the widely used Java-based logging library Apache Log4j. This vulnerability enables Remote Code Execution (RCE), potentially allowing attackers to take full control of affected systems.1. Overview of Log4jWhat is Log4j?A popular open-so..

BeyondCorpBeyondCorp (Trusting the Host, Not the Network) is a zero-trust security framework pioneered by Google, which shifts the traditional perimeter-based security model to one that focuses on verifying users and devices rather than trusting the network. It enables secure access to resources without relying on traditional VPNs or internal network trust.1. Key Principle: Trusting the Host, No..

Side Channel AttacksSide-channel attacks exploit indirect information leakage from a system, such as timing, power consumption, electromagnetic radiation, or cache behavior, to infer sensitive data. Unlike direct attacks, these attacks do not exploit software vulnerabilities but rather leverage hardware-level behavior.1. How Side-Channel Attacks WorkIndirect LeakageA system’s physical or operati..

Site IsolationSite Isolation is a security mechanism implemented in modern web browsers to provide stronger isolation between different websites by running each site in its own process. This prevents one site from accessing or interfering with the data of another site, even in the presence of browser vulnerabilities like speculative execution attacks (e.g., Spectre).1. How Site Isolation WorksTr..

Lateral Movement and Privilege Escalation TechniquesLateral movement and privilege escalation are common attack techniques where attackers navigate through a cloud environment to gain elevated permissions or access additional resources. These techniques are especially critical in cloud environments due to the interconnected nature of services, identities, and APIs.1. Lateral Movement Techniquesa..

Escaping TechniquesEscaping techniques refer to methods attackers use to break out of a constrained or restricted environment, such as a virtual machine (VM), container, or sandbox. Escaping these environments can allow attackers to access the host system, other workloads, or sensitive data.1. Types of Escaping Techniquesa. VM EscapeDefinition: Breaking out of a virtual machine to execute code o..

Containers, VMs, ClustersContainers, VMs, and clusters are fundamental components of modern infrastructure, particularly in cloud computing and virtualization. While they have overlapping use cases, they differ in architecture, resource management, and scalability.1. Containersa. What Are Containers?Definition: Lightweight, portable, and isolated environments that encapsulate an application and ..

HyperjackingHyperjacking is a cyberattack where an attacker takes control of a hypervisor, enabling them to manipulate or monitor all the virtual machines (VMs) hosted on it. Because hypervisors are critical components in virtualized environments, compromising them gives attackers immense control over the underlying systems.1. How Hyperjacking WorksHyperjacking exploits vulnerabilities in the hy..