Ayo Secu

HypervisorA hypervisor is a layer of software or firmware that enables the creation and management of virtual machines (VMs) by abstracting hardware resources. It allows multiple operating systems to run concurrently on a single physical machine, each within its own virtualized environment.1. Types of Hypervisorsa. Type 1 Hypervisor (Bare-Metal)Description: Runs directly on the host’s hardware w..

IdentityIdentity management is critical to securing access to resources in any organization. It defines who can access what and under which conditions, ensuring that only authorized users and services interact with sensitive data. Key concepts include Access Control Lists (ACLs), service accounts vs. user accounts, impersonation, and federated identity.1. Access Control Lists (ACLs)Definition: A..

AuthenticationAuthentication is a crucial security process that verifies a user’s identity before granting access to resources. Various methods and systems contribute to secure authentication, each with unique features, applications, and potential vulnerabilities. Here’s a breakdown of key authentication concepts and mechanisms, including certificates, Trusted Platform Module (TPM), OAuth, auth ..

EntropyEntropy in cryptography refers to the measure of randomness or unpredictability within a system, which is critical for generating secure cryptographic keys, nonces, and initialization vectors. The higher the entropy, the more secure and less predictable the generated values are. Here’s an overview of entropy, pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs), entropy buffer draining, and methods fo..

Integrity and Authenticity PrimitivesIntegrity and authenticity are essential aspects of data security, ensuring that data hasn’t been altered and verifying its origin. Several cryptographic primitives serve this purpose, including hashing functions, Message Authentication Codes (MACs), and Keyed-hash MACs (HMACs). Each has a distinct role in protecting data integrity and authenticity, and each ..

CiphersCiphers are the algorithms used to encrypt and decrypt data. They fall into two main categories: block ciphers and stream ciphers. The method by which block ciphers handle data is influenced by different modes of operation. Below is an overview of each type, how they differ, and details on AES-GCM, a popular mode of operation for block ciphers.1. Block Ciphers vs. Stream CiphersBlock Ciph..

Asymmetric vs Symmetric EncryptionAsymmetric and symmetric encryption are two distinct approaches to encryption, each with its own strengths and applications. Here’s an in-depth look at their differences, typical uses, and how they work together in protocols. We’ll also cover perfect forward secrecy (PFS) and its significance in secure communication.1. Asymmetric EncryptionDefinition: Asymmetric..

Encryption Standards and ImplementationsEncryption standards and their implementations vary based on their purpose (e.g., asymmetric vs. symmetric encryption), each providing different strengths in terms of security, speed, and computational requirements. Here’s a breakdown of popular encryption standards, including RSA, AES, ECC (ed25519), and ChaCha/Salsa.1. RSA (Asymmetric)Definition: RSA (Ri..

Encryption vs Encoding vs Hashing vs Obfuscation vs SigningUnderstanding the differences between encryption, encoding, hashing, obfuscation, and signing is essential in cybersecurity, as each technique serves a unique purpose in securing or transforming data. Here’s a breakdown of each, along with their functions, applications, and attack models related to encryption.1. EncryptionDefinition: Enc..

Malicious RedirectsMalicious redirects are a type of cyberattack where users are forcibly redirected from a legitimate website to a malicious one. These redirections are often employed to deliver malware, steal credentials, engage in phishing, or generate fraudulent ad revenue.1. How Malicious Redirects WorkMalicious redirects exploit vulnerabilities in websites, browsers, or plugins to forcibly..