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IRC (Internet Relay Chat)IRC (Internet Relay Chat) is a text-based communication protocol that allows users to join channels (chat rooms) and communicate in real-time. It was originally developed for group communication but can also support private messaging, file sharing, and multi-channel chats. IRC operates over the internet, typically using TCP on port 6667, but can also use encrypted connec..

TelnetTelnet is a network protocol that allows for remote communication with hosts over the internet or a local network. It was one of the first protocols developed for remote access to systems and is commonly used to remotely control devices such as servers, network equipment, or other computers.Key Features of TelnetRemote Communication: Telnet enables a user to log into another device on the ..

SSH (Secure Shell)SSH (Secure Shell) is a cryptographic network protocol used to securely access and manage remote machines over an unsecured network. It provides strong encryption, authentication, and integrity for communication between a client and a server, commonly used for remote login, file transfers, and tunneling.Key Features of SSHSecure Remote Access: SSH allows users to remotely contr..

Email ProtocolsEmail protocols define how email clients and servers communicate to send, receive, and manage emails. Several key protocols are used in email communication, including SMTP, IMAP, and POP3, each operating over specific ports and serving different purposes.SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP is used for sending emails from a client to a server or between servers. It’s the stand..

ICMPICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is a network layer protocol used for sending diagnostic and error messages within a network. ICMP helps devices on the internet communicate issues related to packet delivery, such as unreachable hosts, timeouts, or route changes. Unlike TCP or UDP, ICMP is not used for transmitting data but for reporting errors and performing network diagnostics.Key F..

TCP/UDPTCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol) are two fundamental transport layer protocols used for transmitting data over the internet, each designed with different priorities and use cases.TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)Reliable, Connection-Oriented: TCP establishes a connection between a client and server before data transmission starts. It guarantees the re..

SSL/TLSSSL (Secure Sockets Layer) and TLS (Transport Layer Security) are cryptographic protocols designed to provide secure communication over a computer network. SSL was the original version, developed by Netscape, but has since been replaced by TLS due to several vulnerabilities. TLS is widely used today to secure communications for protocols like HTTPS, SMTP, FTPS, and others.How SSL/TLS Work..

HTTP(S)HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) are the primary protocols used for communication between web browsers and servers, commonly operating over ports 80 and 443, respectively.HTTP (Port 80)HTTP is the foundation of data communication on the web. It is a stateless, application-layer protocol used to transfer hypertext (such as HTML) from web ser..

Network Traffic Analysis ToolsThese tools are critical for network administrators, cybersecurity professionals, and penetration testers to monitor, diagnose, and secure networks and applications.1. WiresharkWireshark is one of the most popular and widely used network protocol analyzers. It captures and analyzes data packets transmitted over a network in real time, allowing users to inspect packe..

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is a core protocol used to exchange routing information between Autonomous Systems (AS) on the internet. BGP functions as the backbone of the internet, enabling various networks—such as Internet Service Providers (ISPs), data centers, and corporate networks—to connect and communicate by sharing routing information. It helps determine the..