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ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is a network protocol used to map an IP address to a physical MAC (Media Access Control) address on a local area network (LAN). ARP is essential in enabling communication between devices on the same network segment because devices need to know each other’s MAC addresses to transmit data using Ethernet.How ARP WorksWhen a device w..

DNS ExfiltrationDNS exfiltration is a type of cyberattack where an attacker uses the DNS protocol to covertly transmit sensitive data from a compromised system to an external system or server controlled by the attacker. This technique is particularly dangerous because DNS is a fundamental protocol for network communication, and DNS traffic is often allowed through firewalls and monitoring system..

DNS (Domain Name System)DNS (Domain Name System) is a system that translates human-readable domain names (like www.example.com) into IP addresses (like 192.0.2.1) that computers use to identify each other on the network. Since IP addresses are difficult for humans to remember, DNS acts like the internet’s phonebook, allowing users to type domain names instead of complex strings of numbers.Key Co..

NAT (Network Address Translation)NAT (Network Address Translation) is a network address translation technology that converts private IP addresses in an internal network into public IP addresses, enabling communication with external networks (e.g., the internet). NAT is primarily used in IPv4 environments and was developed to address the shortage of IPv4 addresses.Key Roles of NATIP Address Conse..

FirewallA firewall is an essential device or software for maintaining network security by controlling and monitoring traffic between external and internal networks. Essentially, a firewall sits between a trusted network (e.g., a company or home network) and an untrusted network (e.g., the internet), blocking abnormal or malicious traffic.The main functions of firewalls are as follows:1. Traffic ..

OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) ModelThe OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection Model) is a conceptual framework that divides network communication into seven layers. Each layer is responsible for specific functions, and it explains the process of data communication step by step. The layers of the OSI Model are as follows:1. Physical LayerThis layer deals with the physical medium necessary f..

Chain of CustodyIn digital forensics, the chain of custody is a process that documents the handling and transfer of evidence from the moment it is collected until it is presented in court or stored securely. Maintaining a clear, documented chain of custody is crucial to preserving the integrity and admissibility of evidence, ensuring it has not been tampered with or altered.Chain of CustodyDefin..

Anti ForensicsIn anti-forensics, malware developers use various techniques to conceal malicious activities and make it harder for investigators to detect or analyze the malware. Two primary methods include hiding techniques and timestomping.1. How Malware Tries to HideMalware employs several methods to evade detection and avoid forensic scrutiny, making it harder for investigators to detect its ..

Mobile ForensicsMobile forensics focuses on retrieving and analyzing data from mobile devices like smartphones and tablets. Unique characteristics, such as operating systems and data storage methods, distinguish mobile forensics from traditional computer forensics. Here’s an overview of key concepts in mobile forensics, including jailbreaking, differences between mobile and computer forensics, a..

Memory ForensicsIn memory forensics, investigators analyze a computer’s volatile memory (RAM) to uncover running processes, active connections, malware, and other live activity that might be lost once the system is turned off. Here’s a look at key concepts in memory forensics, from acquisition techniques to tools.Memory AcquisitionPurpose: Acquiring memory (RAM) data involves creating a snapshot..